Bee larvae develop into workers, in part, because their diet of pollen and honey – beebread – is rich in plant regulatory molecules called microRNAs, which delay development and keep their ovaries inactive.
Researchers have long known that diet plays a key role in the complex process that determines whether a honey bee larva will become a worker or a queen.
While the workers primarily consume beebread, the queens feast on royal jelly secreted by the glands of nurse bees.
Beebread contains much higher levels of plant microRNAs than royal jelly, so researchers decided to investigate if these molecules, which regulate gene expression in plants, could also impact honey bee caste development.
They report in the journal PLOS Genetics that they found that honey bees raised in the lab on simulated beebread supplemented with plant microRNAs developed more slowly and had a smaller body and smaller ovaries than larvae raised without the supplements.
The plant microRNAs also had a similar effect on fruit fly larvae, even though fruit flies are not social insects. Further experiments showed that one of the most common plant microRNAs in beebread targets the TOR gene in honey bees, which helps determine caste.
The study shows that there is more to the story of honey bee caste formation than the traditional focus on royal jelly and identifies a previously unknown function of plant microRNAs in fine-tuning larval development.
The work is a powerful example of the effects of cross-kingdom microRNAs and how these interactions can affect a species’ development and evolution.
“Regulation of honey bee development by plant microRNAs shows an evolutionary adaptation for colony success through partnership between two species,” says researcher Xi Chen of Nanjing University in China.
“Further studies in this new field may shed light on the impact of food processing on the evolution of eusociality.”
